I am not sure that is the relevant criterion. The French king as a primus inter pares noble had initially very limited authority over a very limited area. Basically nothing in France was French then, even though they shared State structure and culture, if not strong, direct, central government power.

Yet buildings from the 20s and 30s, after the apparent death of all skilled craftsmen made it impossible, used elaborate ornament eg art deco.

It's +4°C (from the average global temperature). The glacier itself won't be at 4°C.

This isn't a rebuttal of any of your point but to give a precision, the City of Paris is absurdly small, most of the Paris Area is "suburbs". The US equivalent would be if NYC was only Manhattan, and places like Brooklyn were suburbs.

There are two different things:

- was item X in the training data

- did the inclusion of X in the training data lead to Y

I understand why the second is hard, but why is the first one hard?

Yep, the last part in my post was suggesting some ways we could determine if "item X was in the training data" (as well as some potential blockers for that from OpenAI's perspective.)

Well you could search for elements similar to the proof / problem in the training data, even if it's de-identified, right? OpenAI can probably do better than Ctrl-f "Navier Stokes".

There are probably thousands of serious academics taking a crack at millennium problems using AI every day. All those attempts are in the training data. And in fact the two researchers benefited from those attempts as well.

I don't understand the one country vs all of Europe - given a fixed population, being united in a single country surely makes everything a bit more efficient than being split in many small countries? India is much bigger than "all of Europe".

Aren't those "other problems" somewhat affected by climate change though?

I'd wager they're not binary (absent/present) issues but have many dimensions and a continuum of possible values and thus "climate change makes this problem worse or different" is something new. Random example: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00583-8

I don't think GP was claiming they weren't.

What was the fossil fuel industry plan to massively shrink the fossil fuel industry exactly?

Where was it meant to grow up?

Maybe Wisteria Lane.